The concept of learning foreign languages encoded in our genes has been the subject of discussion for a long time. Do genes affect the ability to learn languages? Although there is no definitive answer, research suggests that genetic factors may play a role in how quickly and easily we assimilate new languages.
The role of genetics in language learning
Some people have an innate ability to acquire language due to inherited genetic traits. Researchers have identified certain gene variations associated with higher levels of working memory capacity. This is a key factor in successful language learning in adults who speak multiple languages fluently, compared to those who do not. In addition, research suggests that genetics may be linked to the level of proficiency achieved by learners after learning a second or third language. This indicates that due to their unique genetic makeup, some people are predisposed to better opportunities to master new languages than others.
Genes and language acquisition disorders
Studies have shown that people with certain gene variations may be more likely to develop certain types of speech or language disorders than people without those variants. For example, mutations in FOXP2 can lead to serious difficulties with grammar and syntax, as well as problems with the correct formation of certain words. Similarly, mutations in CNTNAP2 have been linked to impaired phonological processing abilities (the ability to process sounds in spoken words).
Environmental factors and language learning
Although these findings suggest a genetic component when it comes to the development of certain aspects of speech and language ability, they do not necessarily mean that the overall ability to understand or use languages is predetermined by genetics itself. Environmental factors, such as exposure and educational opportunities, can also affect how well someone speaks or understands a particular language. Research suggests that language development consists of genetic elements, environment and experience.
Elements that influence language learning
It is clear from the research to date that both nature (genetics) and upbringing (environmental influences) play a key role when it comes to opportunities to become proficient in speaking different languages. Current evidence points to biological influences playing an important role in determining how effectively one acquires another language beyond one’s mother tongue. As such, it seems likely that while environment and dedication will always remain important factors when trying to learn a foreign language, genetics can also make a significant contribution to success.